Three chapters contain the results independent of each other. In the first chapter I present a set of axioms for the propositional calculus which are shorter than the ones known so far, in the second one I give a method of defining all ternary connectives, in the third one, I prove that the probability of propositional functions is preserved under reversible substitutions.

The aim of the paper is to give a new definition of real number. The logical type of any number defined is that of the function B = h(A) which assigns to a class of sets A a class of sets B. I give some conditions which the function h has to fulfill to be considered as number; an intuitive sense of the conditions is as follows: a function, which is number, assigns a class of sets of measure h·m to (...) a class A of sets of equal measure, where m is the measure of A. (shrink)

The book is devoted to the thought of one of the 20th century's most interesting philosophers of religion. Heschel, a traditional Polish Jew who became a modern thinker, was also an impressive prophet of interreligious dialogue.

The article reviews the book Adam Adamandy Kochański. Studium z dziejów filozofii i nauki w Polsce w XVII wieku, by Bogdan Lisiak.

Below I ask whether the theoretical assumptions of the sociology of knowledge imply a subjectivistic and relativistic approach to cognition theory—a matter that has already been discussed in Polish subject literature (among others by Adam Schaff). Does the “social conditioning of cognition” conception propounded by the sociology of knowledge deny the existence of objective truth and adequate knowledge? Karl Mannheim himself called the sociology of knowledge an anti-relativist position. The critics of his anti-relativist argumentation say it is full of (...) ambiguities and contradictions. I will attempt to take a closer look at this problem, and, at the same time, at the relation between Mannheim’s sociology of knowledge project and such measures of the adequacy of knowledge as the coherence and general consensus criterion. The main question I will try to answer is whether the Mannheimian sociology of knowledge project is a form of epistemological relativism (in the specific meaning of the term I use here), and if not, in what sense and to what degree it can be considered a position convergent with the relative truth conception. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest omówienie poglądów prof. Stanisława Ziemiańskiego dotyczących znaczenia nauk przyrodniczych dla filozofii i teologii oraz relacji między naukami przyrodniczymi, filozofią i teologią. Na tle teodycealnego stanowiska o. Ziemiańskiego, zaproponowanego w ramach jego teologii naturalnej, został zaprezentowany sposób, w jaki autor wykorzystuje dane nauk przyrodniczych w swoich poszukiwaniach filozoficznych. Ziemiański przyjmuje stanowisko, które cechuje się ostrożnością, a nawet zachowywaniem pewnego rodzaju dystansu wobec obrazu świata kreowanego przez współczesne przyrodoznawstwo. W szczególności nie podziela filozoficznej interpretacji naukowego obrazu świata, która miałaby (...) prowadzić do panewolucjonizmu rozciągniętego na całość historii wszechświata. Na tle współczesnych stanowisk licznych polskich przedstawicieli ewolucjonizmu teistycznego, wywodzących się z katolickich środowisk intelektualnych, którzy starają się uzgadniać ewolucję z kreacją na gruncie filozofii, poglądy Ziemiańskiego są mniej typowe i niewątpliwie wyróżniają się owym antyewolucjonistycznym rysem. Analizę stanowiska Ziemiańskiego rozpoczęto od rekonstrukcji jego ujęcia teoriopoznawczego i metodologicznego w zakresie dotyczącym statusu nauk przyrodniczych, filozofii i teologii oraz obrazów rzeczywistości materialnej, jakich one dostarczają. W dalszej części omówiono wybrane kwestie przedmiotowe, które mieszczą się w obszarze zagadnienia relacji między naukami przyrodniczymi i teologią, a które podejmował Ziemiański, w szczególności problematykę dotyczącą genezy wszechświata i pochodzenia życia biologicznego. Następnie podjęta została próba odtworzenia ogólnego obrazu relacji między nauką i religią (naukami przyrodniczymi i teologią), a także rozumem i wiarą, w związku ze sposobem ujmowania przez Ziemiańskiego między innymi kontrowersji kreacjonizm – ewolucjonizm, zagadnienia momentu animacji płodu ludzkiego oraz grzechu pierworodnego, cierpienia i śmierci. Na zakończenie do niektórych twierdzeń Ziemiańskiego ustosunkowano się krytycznie i polemicznie. Wspólnym mianownikiem dla tych uwag jest znaczenie wpływu przyjmowanych założeń metafizycznych na interpretację i wykorzystanie danych naukowych w tworzeniu filozoficznego i teologicznego obrazu świata. (shrink)

The article concerns the epistemological views of Adam Grobler contained in his book Epistemologia (2019). The first part of the article lists the basic goals that were set for the philosophical theory of knowledge, namely, distinguishing types of knowledge, discovering the essence of knowledge, describing and assessing human epistemic situation in the world, considering the most general idea of knowledge, confronting the issue of global skepticism, grounding human knowledge, considering the issue of starting point in philosophy, showing the genesis (...) of human knowledge (Kant, Husserl), considering the phenomenon–reality opposition and the opposition of categories of being and categories of thinking, abandoning the maximalistic epistemology in favour of naturalized epistemology. In the second part of the text, Adam Grobler’s epistemological position is diagnosed as (pragmatically motivated) skepticism. (shrink)

In the article, I respond to the objections and comments to my book Epistemologia. Sandwiczowa teoria wiedzy [Epistemology: A Sandwich Theory of Knowledge] formulated by the participants of the seminar held in October 2021, namely Stanisław Judycki, Damian Leszczyński, Rafał Palczewski, Wojciech Sady, Tadeusz Szubka, Włodzimierz Zięba.

This is a companion article to the translation of ‘Zasada sprzeczności a logika symboliczna’, the appendix on symbolic logic of Jan Łukasiewicz's 1910 book O zasadzie sprzeczności u Arytotelesa (On the Principle of Contradiction in Aristotle). While the appendix closely follows Couturat's 1905 book L'algebra de la logique (The Algebra of Logic), footnotes show that Łukasiewicz was aware of the work of Peirce, Huntington and Russell (before Principia Mathematica). This appendix was influential in the development of the Polish school of (...) logic, directly inspiring Stanisław Leśniewski and Leon Chwistek and more widely by serving as a text of the new symbolic logic. This appendix was an important source of the dominant algebraic logic in Poland, but also indicates that Łukasiewicz appreciated Russell's axiomatic approach to logic. (shrink)

Artykuł poświęcony jest jednej z najbardziej wieloznacznych powieści Stanisława Lema — Pamiętnikowi znalezionemu w wannie. Świat bohatera Pamiętnika, pozbawiony łączności z tym, co zewnętrzne, zawiera się w umyśle postaci. Samoidentyfikacja wiążąca się nierozerwalnie z odosobnieniem, jest paradoksalnie niemożliwa do osiągnięcia w labiryncie korytarzy budowli. „Ja” bohatera, dążące do „bycia sobą”, nie może zdobyć pełni tożsamości, ponieważ niezdolne pozostaje do dookreślenia siebie w relacji do struktur Gmachu.

In 1934 Stanisław Jaśkowski published his groundbreaking work on natural deduction. At the same year Gerhard Gentzen also published a work on the same topic. We aim at presenting of Jaśkowski’s system and provide a comparison with Gentzen’s approach. We also try to outline the influence of Jaśkowski’s approach on the later development of natural deduction systems.

In this brief note we would like to outline the main events of life and the main achievements of Stanisław Jaśkowski one of the important Polish logician and mathematician of the first half of twentieth century.

A universally free logic is a system of quantification theory, with or without identity, whose theses remain logically true if the domain of quantification is empty and some of the singular terms present in the language do not denote existing objects. In the West, logics satisfying and ones satisfying were developed starting in the 1950s. But Stanisław Jaśkowski preceded all this work by some twenty years: his paper “On the Rules of Supposition in Formal Logic” of 1934 can (...) be regarded as containing, at least implicitly, the first universally free logic. The system proposed there is an inclusive logic as it is, and a straightforward extension of it is also free. (shrink)

According to the title, it is a profile of one of the most outstanding authors in King’s Stanisław August times. This article has been based only on information from letters. Other biographical data about Stanisław Trembecki has knowingly been omitted by the author. It is worth pointing out, that due to the artist’s own negligence, most of the incoming mail has been lost. Thanks to King’s Stanisław August meticulousness almost all letters written to the monarch, during 30 (...) years period, have been preserved. Trembecki was a controversial person, quite often arousing conflicting emotions in researchers and readers. One see in him a talented writer and a participant in Thursday’s dinners, others believe he had no rules and think he was a traitor of his homeland. That is why, this correspondence is a document one of a kind and it allows us to understand better Trembecki’s motives. These are private letters. They have not been written “just for show”, or future readers. Their author does not create his own view. On the contrary, his personal’ thoughts are marginal in the correspondence, his own conclusions and observations are mentioned in passing. The author of the article, spots that the leitmotif of the letters are the poet’s financial Problems. Begging is alternated with bursts of dignity and bitter remarks, as the King does not approve Trembecki’s career plans. The reader may also find comments about the poet’s matrimonial plans, his political activity, people he felt affinity with, as well as his literary activity, impressive library or favorite books. In the correspondence, we can also find a picture оf the royal court. Many well-known historic figures appear, like Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Adam Naruszewicz or Michał Poniatowski. At the end of the article, the author pointed out linguistic virtues in Stanisław Trembecki’s letters. (shrink)

Adam Naruszewicz - the court poet of the last king of Poland was born on 20th October 1733 in Polesie. He studied at Villinus University and in Lyon. Thanks to Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski he established a very close friendship with Stanisław August Poniatowski. In the course of time he started to bring out his political opinions and put some of his plans into practice. He edited Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne - the first Polish literary magazine. Franciszek Bohomolec (...) printed his main works in Dzieła. However, the first publications has already been issued in Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne. As far as literary writing is concerned, Adam Naruszewicz gave his undivided attention to contemporary situation. It was difficulties in the country and on the King’s court that inspired Naruszewicz to express his opinions in public. The resources of contemporary political situation, particularly the times of Barski Confederation, the First Partition of Poland and the dissolution of Delegation Representatives were found between 1768—1775 in Poniatowski’s royal collection. The above events, in Adam Naruszewicz’s poems, are presented in the following order: The Barski and Radom Confederation, the abduction of the King and the Frist Partition of Poland. The plots are very important in poet’s life. The writer perceives and comments on the subject touching various areas. Above all, patriotism and love to the Country are the most important issues in Naruszewicz’s works. (shrink)

In the late forties, Stanisław Jaśkowski published two papers onthe discursive sentential calculus, D2. He provided a definition of it by an interpretation in the language of S5 of Lewis. The knownaxiomatization of D2 with discursive connectives as primitives was introduced by da Costa, Dubikajtis and Kotas in 1977. It turns out, however,that one of the axioms they used is not a thesis of the real Jaśkowski’s calculus. In fact, they built a new system, D∗2 for short, (...) that differs from D2 inmany respects. The aim of this paper is to introduce a direct Kripke-type semantics for the system, axiomatize it in a new way and prove soundness andcompleteness theorems. Additionally, we present labelled tableaux for D∗2.1. (shrink)

Frugal literary legacy of Adam Naruszewicz (be was an author of fairy-tales) has never been a subject of circumstantial research. It has never aroused any acknowledgement among literary historians. This very fact encouraged me to deeper learning of fairy-tale craft of this outstanding poet. I also came to the conclusion that particular qualities of fairy-tales by Naruszewicz would be more meaningful if I made a comparison of his creative work features with those of other representatives of this literary genre (...) of the second half of the 18th century, i.e. Stanislaw Trembecki, Ignacy Krasicki and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. Although Naruszewicz takes a substantial place in the Age of Enlightenment it seems that certain features of his poetry present in the fairy-tales can be found in works of certain representatives of this genre; his fairy-tales are an interesting stage of story-telling branch of this literary form. (shrink)

I am honoured with and touched by the invitation of delivering the opening address of this Congress. Firstly, to see paraconsistent logic flourishing and growing, as we can readily see by simply glacing over the programme of this conference, is among one of my greatest joys. Secondly, and equally important, because this congress takes place in the University of Toruń.I am honoured for having lectured here, a most congenial and stimulating place, and could not think of a better place for (...) a conference dedicated to the memory of Stanisław Jaśkowski. In particular, I am delighted for having had a correspondence with him, and although I was deprived of the pleasure of meeting him personally, I was fortunate enough for having collaborated with some of his disciples, such as L. Dubikajtis and T. Kotas. All and all, Toruń in particular and Poland in general are for me a second home, for all the kindness and care everyone has shown to me over several years, since my very first visit to this country. (shrink)

Are racial slurs always offensive and are racial stereotypes always negative? How, if at all, are racial slurs and stereotypes different and unequal for members of different races? Questions like these and others about slurs and stereotypes have been the focus of much research and hot debate lately, and in a recent article Embrick and Henricks (2013) aimed to address some of the aforementioned questions by investigating the use of racial slurs and stereotypes in the workplace. Embrick and Henricks (2013) (...) drew upon the empirical data they collected at a baked goods company in the southwestern United States to argue that racial slurs and stereotypes function as symbolic resources that exclude minorities but not whites from opportunities or resources and that racial slurs and stereotypes are necessarily considered as negative or derogatory irrespective of their particular context of use (pp. 197–202). They thus proposed an account of slurs and stereotypes that supports the context-insensitive position of Fitten (1993) and Hedger (2013) yet challenges the context-sensitive position of Kennedy (2002) and Croom (2011). In this article I explicate the account of racial slurs and stereotypes provided by Embrick and Henricks (2013), outline 8 of their main claims, and then critically evaluate these claims by drawing upon recent empirical evidence on racial slurs (both in-group and out-group uses) and stereotypes (for both whites and blacks) to point out both strengths and weaknesses of their analysis. Implications of the present analysis for future work on slurs and stereotypes will also be discussed. (shrink)

The concept of inconsistency has become recently the subject of many studies focused on the principle ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet which is a hallmark of the classical inconsistency. Stanisław Jaśkowski was the first who took a non-classical standpoint toward this principle building a system of propositional logic which rejects this classical principle. Rejecting it implies important consequences for the concept of classical negation, and poses the question in which properties the op-eration of negation should be endowed. The intention (...) of this article is to define the concept of inconsistency as well as the concept of negation in a way satisfying the main intuitions natural language users connect with the two notions occurring in propositions containing vague concepts. The vagueness of natural language dis-course leads to the phenomenon of the seeming contradiction characteristic of natural language. A non-standard consequence relation for such a language has been defined in terms of preferential semantics making use of the concept of most classical model. This non-standard consequence relation is applied to the ethical discourse. The concepts introduced in this article have been used to an interpretation of the contradictories of Plato's Parmenides, as well as to the rejection of dialetheism. (shrink)

This chapter provides empirical evidence about everyday attitudes concerning euthanasia. These attitudes have important implications for some ethical arguments about euthanasia. Two experiments suggested that some different descriptions of euthanasia have modest effects on people’s moral permissibility judgments regarding euthanasia. Experiment 1 (N = 422) used two different types of materials (scenarios and scales) and found that describing euthanasia differently (‘euthanasia’, ‘aid in dying’, and ‘physician assisted suicide’) had modest effects (≈3 % of the total variance) on permissibility judgments. These (...) effects were largely replicated in Experiment 2 (N = 409). However, in Experiment 2, judgments about euthanasia’s moral permissibility were best predicted by the voluntariness of the treatment. Voluntariness was a stronger predictor than some demographic factors and some domain general elements of moral judgments. These results help inform some debates about the moral permissibility of euthanasia (e.g., the slippery slope argument) suggesting that some of the key premises of those arguments are unwarranted. (shrink)

We present several examples of hereditary classes of finite structures satisfying the joint embedding property and the weak amalgamation property, but failing the cofinal amalgamation property. These include a continuum‐sized family of classes of finite undirected graphs, as well as an example due to Pouzet with countably categorical generic limit.

Que faire quand tout est perdu? Céder la place aux fantômes.

Artykuł został poświęcony dziewiętnastowiecznym opisom z podróży przedstawiającym Cypr. Dotyczy przede wszystkim polskich autorów, choć we wstępnej części uwzględniono również teksty Alphonse’a de Lamartine’a, François-Renégo de Chateaubrianda Géramba, które zaistniały na rodzimym gruncie w tłumaczeniu, inspirując również polskich podróżników. W wieku pary i elektryczności, podobnie jak i we wcześniejszym stuleciu, Cypr rzadko kiedy był głównym celem wyprawy, odgrywając najczęściej rolę przystanku na długiej trasie pielgrzymkowej do Ziemi Świętej. Z tego też względu znajomość wyspy ograniczała się jedynie do Larnaki. Wśród polskich (...) pielgrzymów XIX wieku, których statek przybijał do cypryjskiego wybrzeża, a swój pobyt na wyspie uwzględnili w swych relacjach, wspomnieniach z podróży do Ziemi Świętej, znaleźli się: ks. Ignacy Hołowiński (1839), Stanisław Tarnowski (1857–1858), ks. Feliks Gondek (1859), ks. Marcin Tyburcy (ok. 1860), Ignacy Żagiell (1863–1868), ks. Józef Pelczar wraz z ks. Kazimierzem Dorszewskim (1872), ks. Tadeusz Kegel (1872), Adam Sierakowski (1883). Ich opisy i wrażenia zostały podane analizie w niniejszym artykule. (shrink)

Believing is not much like premeditated intentional action, but neither is it completely reflexive. If we had no more control over believing than we have over our automatic reflexes, it would be hard to make sense of the idea of epistemic virtues. There is, after all, no excellence of the eye blink or the knee jerk. If there are epistemic virtues, then our degree of voluntary control over believing must lie somewhere between the extremes of what we experience with passive (...) reflexes and intentional actions. Believing is not the only human activity that lies between these extremes. A number of behaviors and bodily processes do. Using some of these as a model, I will give an account of the nature of our voluntary control over believing and argue that it is necessary to ground the conviction that epistemic virtues do make sense. (shrink)